People in conversation

Reflective Structured Dialogue Transforms Shenandoah University

In December 2023 in response to the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel and after Israel’s bombing and invasion of Gaza, Virginia’s Shenandoah University (SU) hosted a campus-wide dialogue as part of its Shenandoah Conversations (SC) program. The event utilized the Essential Partners (EP) practice of Reflective Structured Dialogue (RSD), which faculty and students had been trained on beginning in late 2017.

After the dialogue, one student described a moment between herself as a Jewish student and a Palestinian American student. “They mutually declared that they had seen each other as humans,” recalls Kevin Minister, director of Shenandoah Conversations, professor of religion, and academic associate at EP. The university president, Tracy Fitzsimmons, told the full faculty that she had many students visit her office, telling her it was one of their most transformative educational experiences. That included students who had struggled to find a sense of belonging on campus in the lead-up to the dialogue.

Minister says, “The way that the Shenandoah campus was able to come together and have a conversation was fundamentally different than it would have been six years earlier. [RSD] has transformed a campus culture. Because of the cultural impact of RSD, something was possible that was not possible before.”

Shenandoah Conversations Is Born

Located in Winchester, Virginia, Shenandoah University is a private university that blends professional career experiences with wide-ranging education. With 2,600 undergraduate students and 1,800 graduate students, SU is a diverse campus that ranges from the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Business to the Shenandoah Conservatory and the School of Pharmacy.

In 2017, the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, just two hours south of SU, alarmed faculty and students. “Our students wanted to talk about it. Our faculty wanted to talk about it,” says Adela Borrallo-Solis, professor of Hispanic studies and Shenandoah Conversations’ founding director. “But we didn’t know how to do it. We decided we needed the tools from Essential Partners.”

In late 2017, three SU faculty members trained with EP: Kevin Minister; Cooper Minister, professor of religion and now a director of Shenandoah Conversations; and Christin Taylor, associate professor of English. They brought that training back to SU in Fall 2018. Shenandoah Conversations was born. The university adopted a plan to incorporate a customized version of EP’s Dialogic Classroom (including RSD) as part of its undergraduate general education requirements with connections to experiential learning and written communication. While graduate programs are not required to use RSD, some graduate faculty use the method in their courses as well. Eventually, extracurricular dialogues were added to the mix. 

By any measure, Shenandoah Conversations has been a huge success. More than 150 faculty members have been trained in RSD facilitation, comprising 40 percent of the total faculty. Over 3,400 students have participated in RSD at some point, and over 275 student fellows have been trained to facilitate dialogues. Nearly 200 courses with an RSD component have been implemented so far, with about 40 offered each year.

“RSD has been the most transformative thing in my 21 years of teaching. … Students have a greater desire to open up in class about things because they know that a Noyalas class is a safe environment. ‘I can say things here. I’m not going to be judged. I understand I’m contributing to a broader conversation.’”

Jonathan Noyalas, Director of the McCormick Civil War Institute

Shenandoah University

Shenandoah Conversations in the Classroom

Faculty responded enthusiastically to this new way of teaching, with so many wanting training that sessions had to be offered each fall and spring. 

“Essential Partners was integral to the possibility of doing this kind of work,” Minister says. “EP empowers campus leaders to customize RSD to their context.” With the tools from the customized version of EP’s Dialogic Classroom and the freedom to adapt those tools to the SU environment, faculty began stretching the boundaries of their teaching in exciting ways.

Classroom-based RSD allows students to grapple with controversial topics. Jonathan Noyalas, director of the McCormick Civil War Institute, teaches courses on public history and Civil War memory. He uses RSD to confront numerous challenging issues, including historical monuments and memorialization. When he took the training, he was looking for a way to get students to engage with uncomfortable material that traditionally would cause some students to put up their defenses and shut down. Despite his initial skepticism that the EP approach was another passing fad, Noyalas says that RSD “has been the most transformative thing in my 21 years of teaching.” 

“The students have really bought into RSD,” says Noyalas. “Students alter their perspectives and viewpoints. The students now understand the gray areas of historical memory and how you address those.” Students’ motivation to delve deep into hard subjects has also increased. Noyalas reflects, “Students have a greater desire to open up in class about things because they know that a Noyalas class is a safe environment. ‘I can say things here. I’m not going to be judged. I understand I’m contributing to a broader conversation.’”

Other faculty have used RSD to address the learning process itself. In a chemistry lab course, students discuss how to work effectively in groups and how to collaborate across differences. In costume design, students develop communication norms for the theater production shop after discussing respectful ways to design for other people’s bodies while considering gender and culture. The School of Pharmacy incorporates RSD in its interprofessional education program to focus on how people from different health professions at the university learn to work together. 

Bronwen Landless, associate professor of music therapy, invites students to co-create syllabi, assignments, and learning community agreements. This has led to students “being able to ask more questions, to hear more about people’s perspectives without immediately going to that judgment space, to adopt curiosity. This has opened possibilities for creativity, and it has really supported communities of belonging.” Most important, says Landless, “students can fully be themselves and can show up for learning with a different or increased capacity because of that.” 

Faculty found they needed support when implementing small-group dialogue sessions, since they could not facilitate and observe all the conversations to ensure that everyone was keeping to the agreements and structures. From that need, the Shenandoah Conversations Student Fellows program was created. Student fellows are nominated by faculty, receive training in RSD facilitation, and are paid to help facilitate RSD in specific courses. 

Shenandoah Conversations Beyond the Classroom

The fellows program, says Borrallo-Solis, “has been the very best idea that we have had in Shenandoah Conversations. Our fellows spread the word.” Minister agrees: “Training students in dialogue expands the impact of dialogue on campus. Students are one of the best ambassadors for dialogue because they can feel the difference it makes.”

Student fellows are at the heart of SU’s Center for Civic Engagement, which hosts fellow-facilitated extracurricular “Dialogue” discussions. Topics have included the legalization of marijuana; immigration; abortion; gun rights; human trafficking; gender discrimination and health care; the overturning of Roe v. Wade; reparations; ex-convicts; Columbus Day and Indigenous Peoples’ Day; and Ukraine.

Fabiola Vazquez Becerra, a fourth-year music education student, has coordinated the “Dialogue” program since her first year at SU. “When I started,” she recalls, “I was uncomfortable with it. But I have developed those skills. Being from a small town, I felt like my voice wasn’t heard as much. Then I came here and had that format of making sure everybody has their perspective and their voice heard. It is very inspiring that my voice is actually being heard.”

Sophomore Emma Ogden also works at the Center for Civic Engagement as a member of the voter engagement team. She, Vazquez Becerra, and other fellows have joined forces to create and facilitate an out-of-class RSD series about the 2024 election. The series creates a space for everyone to talk about their feelings and experiences leading up to and following the election. Ogden says, “It is really exciting to see that even in a time where people think that they can’t go somewhere and have these conversations, we do have those spaces and people are coming, no matter how they view current events. No matter what, people find something to agree on.”

“It is really exciting to see that even in a time where people think that they can’t go somewhere and have these conversations, we do have those spaces and people are coming, no matter how they view current events.”

Emma Ogden, Sophomore

Shenandoah University

Be understood. Be understanding.

Shenandoah University’s slogan for its work with RSD is “Be understood. Be understanding.” Faculty and students alike reflect positively on Shenandoah Conversations and the positive impact of Reflective Structured Dialogue on the university. 

“What happens in the classroom and what happens in the campus community are deeply interconnected,” says Minister. Noyalas agrees, stating, “I think RSD is a very useful tool to help students through these difficult moments in these difficult situations, and it really gives them a framework for doing this with everything in their lives.”

Both Ogden, a double major in English and secondary education, and Vazquez Becerra look forward to bringing RSD into their own classrooms. Vazquez Becerra says, “This has helped me as a future educator. It is my goal to create a safe space for students to feel like their voices are being heard. This has given me that tool to create those spaces.” 

Reflecting on the dialogue after the October 7 attacks, Minister says that the cultural shift spurred by the university’s commitment to RSD was “the only reason that I had the faith to hold such an event at Shenandoah at that time.” Through SU’s work with EP, “That groundwork had been established, and people knew what this was and could lean into it. It would be able to hold the conversation frame to allow people to encounter each other across the differences that do exist even in Winchester, Virginia.”